Zirconium

Zirconium (pronounced /z?r?ko?ni?m/ z?r-KOH-nee-?m) is a chemical element with the symbol Zr and atomic number 40. It is a lustrous, gray-white, strong transition metal that resembles titanium. Zirconium is used as an alloying agent due to its high resist
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Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium

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yttrium ? zirconium ? niobium
Ti
?
Zr
?
Hf
Element 1: Hydrogen (H), Other non-metal
Element 2: Helium (He), Noble gas
Element 3: Lithium (Li), Alkali metal
Element 4: Beryllium (Be), Alkaline earth metal
Element 5: Boron (B), Metalloid
Element 6: Carbon (C), Other non-metal
Element 7: Nitrogen (N), Other non-metal
Element 8: Oxygen (O), Other non-metal
Element 9: Fluorine (F), Halogen
Element 10: Neon (Ne), Noble gas
Element 11: Sodium (Na), Alkali metal
Element 12: Magnesium (Mg), Alkaline earth metal
Element 13: Aluminium (Al), Other metal
Element 14: Silicon (Si), Metalloid
Element 15: Phosphorus (P), Other non-metal
Element 16: Sulfur (S), Other non-metal
Element 17: Chlorine (Cl), Halogen
Element 18: Argon (Ar), Noble gas
Element 19: Potassium (K), Alkali metal
Element 20: Calcium (Ca), Alkaline earth metal
Element 21: Scandium (Sc), Transition metal
Element 22: Titanium (Ti), Transition metal
Element 23: Vanadium (V), Transition metal
Element 24: Chromium (Cr), Transition metal
Element 25: Manganese (Mn), Transition metal
Element 26: Iron (Fe), Transition metal
Element 27: Cobalt (Co), Transition metal
Element 28: Nickel (Ni), Transition metal
Element 29: Copper (Cu), Transition metal
Element 30: Zinc (Zn), Transition metal
Element 31: Gallium (Ga), Other metal
Element 32: Germanium (Ge), Metalloid
Element 33: Arsenic (As), Metalloid
Element 34: Selenium (Se), Other non-metal
Element 35: Bromine (Br), Halogen
Element 36: Krypton (Kr), Noble gas
Element 37: Rubidium (Rb), Alkali metal
Element 38: Strontium (Sr), Alkaline earth metal
Element 39: Yttrium (Y), Transition metal
Element 40: Zirconium (Zr), Transition metal
Element 41: Niobium (Nb), Transition metal
Element 42: Molybdenum (Mo), Transition metal
Element 43: Technetium (Tc), Transition metal
Element 44: Ruthenium (Ru), Transition metal
Element 45: Rhodium (Rh), Transition metal
Element 46: Palladium (Pd), Transition metal
Element 47: Silver (Ag), Transition metal
Element 48: Cadmium (Cd), Transition metal
Element 49: Indium (In), Other metal
Element 50: Tin (Sn), Other metal
Element 51: Antimony (Sb), Metalloid
Element 52: Tellurium (Te), Metalloid
Element 53: Iodine (I), Halogen
Element 54: Xenon (Xe), Noble gas
Element 55: Caesium (Cs), Alkali metal
Element 56: Barium (Ba), Alkaline earth metal
Element 57: Lanthanum (La), Lanthanoid
Element 58: Cerium (Ce), Lanthanoid
Element 59: Praseodymium (Pr), Lanthanoid
Element 60: Neodymium (Nd), Lanthanoid
Element 61: Promethium (Pm), Lanthanoid
Element 62: Samarium (Sm), Lanthanoid
Element 63: Europium (Eu), Lanthanoid
Element 64: Gadolinium (Gd), Lanthanoid
Element 65: Terbium (Tb), Lanthanoid
Element 66: Dysprosium (Dy), Lanthanoid
Element 67: Holmium (Ho), Lanthanoid
Element 68: Erbium (Er), Lanthanoid
Element 69: Thulium (Tm), Lanthanoid
Element 70: Ytterbium (Yb), Lanthanoid
Element 71: Lutetium (Lu), Lanthanoid
Element 72: Hafnium (Hf), Transition metal
Element 73: Tantalum (Ta), Transition metal
Element 74: Tungsten (W), Transition metal
Element 75: Rhenium (Re), Transition metal
Element 76: Osmium (Os), Transition metal
Element 77: Iridium (Ir), Transition metal
Element 78: Platinum (Pt), Transition metal
Element 79: Gold (Au), Transition metal
Element 80: Mercury (Hg), Transition metal
Element 81: Thallium (Tl), Other metal
Element 82: Lead (Pb), Other metal
Element 83: Bismuth (Bi), Other metal
Element 84: Polonium (Po), Other metal
Element 85: Astatine (At), Halogen
Element 86: Radon (Rn), Noble gas
Element 87: Francium (Fr), Alkali metal
Element 88: Radium (Ra), Alkaline earth metal
Element 89: Actinium (Ac), Actinoid
Element 90: Thorium (Th), Actinoid
Element 91: Protactinium (Pa), Actinoid
Element 92: Uranium (U), Actinoid
Element 93: Neptunium (Np), Actinoid
Element 94: Plutonium (Pu), Actinoid
Element 95: Americium (Am), Actinoid
Element 96: Curium (Cm), Actinoid
Element 97: Berkelium (Bk), Actinoid
Element 98: Californium (Cf), Actinoid
Element 99: Einsteinium (Es), Actinoid
Element 100: Fermium (Fm), Actinoid
Element 101: Mendelevium (Md), Actinoid
Element 102: Nobelium (No), Actinoid
Element 103: Lawrencium (Lr), Actinoid
Element 104: Rutherfordium (Rf), Transition metal
Element 105: Dubnium (Db), Transition metal
Element 106: Seaborgium (Sg), Transition metal
Element 107: Bohrium (Bh), Transition metal
Element 108: Hassium (Hs), Transition metal
Element 109: Meitnerium (Mt), Transition metal
Element 110: Darmstadtium (Ds), Transition metal
Element 111: Roentgenium (Rg), Transition metal
Element 112: Ununbium (Uub), Transition metal
Element 113: Ununtrium (Uut)
Element 114: Ununquadium (Uuq)
Element 115: Ununpentium (Uup)
Element 116: Ununhexium (Uuh)
Element 117: Ununseptium (Uus)
Element 118: Ununoctium (Uuo)
Hexagonal close-packed crystal structure
40-electron shell
40Zr
Periodic table
Appearance
silvery white
General properties
Name, symbol, number zirconium, Zr, 40
Element category transition metal
Group, period, block 4, 5, d
Standard atomic weight 91.224?g¡mol?1
Electron configuration [Kr] 4d2 5s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 (Image)
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 6.52 g¡cm?3
Liquid density at m.p. 5.8 g¡cm?3
Melting point 2128 K,?1855 Â°C,?3371 Â°F
Boiling point 4682 K,?4409 Â°C,?7968 Â°F
Heat of fusion 14 kJ¡mol?1
Heat of vaporization 573 kJ¡mol?1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 25.36 J¡mol?1¡K?1
Vapor pressure
P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T/K 2639 2891 3197 3575 4053 4678
Atomic properties
Oxidation states 4, 3, 2, 1,[1]
(amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1.33 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies 1st: 640.1 kJ¡mol?1
2nd: 1270 kJ¡mol?1
3rd: 2218 kJ¡mol?1
Atomic radius 160 pm
Covalent radius 175Âą7 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure hexagonal close-packed
Magnetic ordering paramagnetic[2]
Electrical resistivity (20 Â°C) 421 n?¡m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 22.6 W¡m?1¡K?1
Thermal expansion (25 °C) 5.7 ¾m¡m?1¡K?1
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 3800 m/s
Young's modulus 68 GPa
Shear modulus 33 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.34
Mohs hardness 5.0
Vickers hardness 903 MPa
Brinell hardness 650 MPa
CAS registry number 7440-67-7
Most stable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of zirconium
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
88Zr syn 83.4 d ? - 88Y
? 0.392D -
89Zr syn 78.4 h ? - 89Y
?+ 0.902 89Y
? 0.909D -
90Zr 51.45% 90Zr is stable with 50 neutrons
91Zr 11.22% 91Zr is stable with 51 neutrons
92Zr 17.15% 92Zr is stable with 52 neutrons
93Zr 17.38% 1.1 Ă— 1017 y ???? - 94Mo
96Zr 2.8% 2.0×1019y[3] ???? 3.348 96Mo
Zirconium rod

Zirconium (pronounced /z?r?ko?ni?m/ z?r-KOH-nee-?m) is a chemical element with the symbol Zr and atomic number 40. It is a lustrous, gray-white, strong transition metal that resembles titanium. Zirconium is used as an alloying agent due to its high resistance to corrosion. It is never found as a native metal; it is obtained mainly from the mineral zircon, which can be purified by chlorine. Zirconium was first isolated in an impure form in 1824 by JĂśns Jakob Berzelius.

Zirconium has no known biological role. Zirconium forms both inorganic and organometallic compounds such as zirconium dioxide and zirconocene dichloride, respectively. There are five naturally-occurring isotopes, three of which are stable. Short-term exposure to zirconium powder causes minor irritation, and inhalation of zirconium compounds can cause skin and lung granulomas.

Contents

  • 1 Characteristics
  • 2 Applications
    • 2.1 Refining
  • 3 History
  • 4 Occurrence
    • 4.1 Geological
    • 4.2 Biological
  • 5 Compounds
  • 6 Isotopes
  • 7 Toxicity
  • 8 See also
  • 9 Notes
  • 10 External links

Characteristics

Zirconium is a lustrous, grayish-white, soft, ductile, and malleable metal which is solid at room temperature, though it becomes hard and brittle at lower purities.[4][5] In powder form, zirconium is highly flammable, but the solid form is far less prone to igniting. Zirconium is highly resistant to corrosion by alkalis, acids, salt water, and other agents.[6] However, it will dissolve in hydrochloric and sulfuric acid, especially when fluorine is present.[7] Alloys with zinc become magnetic below 35 K.[6]

The melting point of zirconium is at 1855°C, and the boiling point is at 4409°C.[6] Zirconium has an electronegativity of 1.33 on the Pauling scale. Of the elements within d-block, zirconium has the fourth lowest electronegativity after yttrium, lutetium, and hafnium.[8]

Applications

Because of zirconium's excellent resistance to corrosion, it is often used as an alloying agent in materials that are exposed to corrosive agents, such as surgical appliances, explosive primers, vacuum tube getters and filaments. Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) is used in laboratory crucibles, metallurgical furnaces, and as a refractory material.[6] Zircon (ZrSiO4) is cut into gemstones for use in jewelry. Zirconium carbonate (3ZrO2¡CO2¡H2O) was used in lotions to treat poison ivy, but this was discontinued as it caused bad skin reactions in some cases.[4] 90% of all zirconium produced is used in nuclear reactors because of its low neutron-capture cross-section and resistance to corrosion.[5][6] Zirconium alloys are used in space vehicle parts for their resistance to heat, an important quality given the extreme heat associated with atmospheric reentry.[9] Zirconium is also a component in some abrasives, such as grinding wheels and sandpaper.[10] Zirconium is used in weapons such as the BLU-97/B Combined Effects Bomb for incendiary effect. Zirconium in the oxidized form

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